experimenter effect meaning in Hindi

Examples

1. The failure of the tests demonstrated that the initial results were likely due to the experimenter effect.
2. He also discusses it not really as an experimenter effect but as a management effect : how management can make workers perform differently because they feel differently.
3. Rosenhan called this the " experimenter effect " or " expectation bias ", something indicative of the problems he uncovered rather than a problem in his methodology.
4. Rose requested Professor Patrick Bateson FRS to analyse the data, and Bateson offered his opinion that Sheldrake's interpretation of the data was " misleading " and attributable to experimenter effects.
5. The debate of whether or not there is a midlife crisis is being answered through recent research that attempts to balance such factors as response bias and experimenter effects in order to establish internal validity.
6. In addition, some mainstream scientists today have argued that any signal that Miller observed was the result of the experimenter effect, i . e ., a bias introduced by the experimenter's wish to find a certain result, which was a common source of systematic error in statistical analysis of data before modern experimental techniques were developed . ( This effect was not addressed by name in Miller's early textbook on experimental techniques; cf ., Ginn & Company, 1903 ).
7. Basic endemic problems in parapsychological research include : insufficient definition of the subject matter, total reliance on negative definitions of their phenomena ( e . g .-psi is said to occur only when all known normal influences are ruled out ); failure to produce a single phenomenon that can be independently replicated by neutral researchers; the invention of " effects " such as the psi-experimenter effect to explain away inconsistencies in the data and failures to achieve predicted outcomes; unfalsifiability of claims; unpredictability of effects; lack of progress in more than a century of formal research; methodological weaknesses; reliance on statistical procedures to determine when psi has supposedly occurred, even though statistical analysis does not in itself justify a claim that psi has occurred; and failure to jibe with other areas of science.
8. Basic endemic problems in parapsychological research include amongst others : insufficient definition of the subject matter, total reliance on negative definitions of their phenomena ( E . g .-psi is said to occur only when all known normal influences are ruled out ); failure to produce a single phenomenon that can be independently replicated by neutral researchers; the invention of " effects " such as the psi-experimenter effect to explain away inconsistencies in the data and failures to achieve predicted outcomes; unfalsifiability of claims; unpredictability of effects; lack of progress in over a century of formal research; methodological weaknesses; reliance on statistical procedures to determine when psi has supposedly occurred, even though statistical analysis does not in itself justify a claim that psi has occurred; and failure to jibe with other areas of science.
9. In 1998, physics professor Michael W . Friedlander noted that parapsychology has " failed to produce any clear evidence for the existence of anomalous effects that require us to go beyond the known region of science . " Philosopher and skeptic Robert Todd Carroll has written research in parapsychology has been characterized by " deception, fraud, and incompetence in setting up properly controlled experiments and evaluating statistical data . " The psychologist Ray Hyman has pointed out that some parapsychologists such as Dick Bierman, Walter Lucadou, J . E . Kennedy, and Robert Jahn have admitted the evidence for psi is " inconsistent, irreproducible, and fails to meet acceptable scientific standards . " Richard Wiseman has criticized the parapsychological community for widespread errors in research methods including cherry-picking new procedures which may produce preferred results, explaining away unsuccessful attempted replications with claims of an " experimenter effect ", data mining, and retrospective data selection.